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Despite questionable weather conditions, the Allied high command made the decision to attack on June 6, 1944-a date that has become known in history as “D-Day.” A massive Allied force would cross the English Channel, heading for an 80-kilometre stretch of the Normandy coast. They undertook countless missions attacking coastal defences and lines of transport in occupied Europe in the months leading up to Operation Overlord. On land, by sea and in the airĪllied warplanes helped pave the way for the Normandy landings. If the landings were successful, however, our forces would finally gain that all-important foothold in Western Europe and could begin the liberation campaign after years of harsh German occupation. Dubbed “Fortress Europe” by Adolf Hitler, its shores were studded with land mines, barbed wire, concrete bunkers, artillery batteries, machine-gun nests, anti-tank walls, and thousands of watchful enemy troops.Īn Allied defeat on the beaches of Normandy would have been disastrous as there was no way to safely evacuate troops in large numbers, so huge casualties would be inevitable.

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The Germans had turned the coast of Europe from the Spanish border to Scandinavia into a daunting series of defensive positions.

Successfully establishing a beachhead in occupied France would be a huge challenge for the Allied forces. The Allies were ready but had to wait until the weather, tides and phase of the moon were right in order to be able to attack. Long flexible pipes, nicknamed “PLUTO” (pipe lines under the ocean), were designed to carry fuel under the English Channel.

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Huge portable docking facilities, called “Mulberry harbours,” were prepared for use by Allied transport ships to unload their cargoes in France. Misinformation was deliberately leaked to the Germans to confuse them over where the landings would actually take place.

Land, sea and air forces trained extensively and the necessary troops, ships, tanks, supplies and other equipment were steadily amassed. Planning and preparation for this immense undertaking, codenamed Operation Overlord, began more than a year earlier. The target for the Allied landing forces would be the beaches of Normandy in France. To win the war, however, Germany would have to be defeated on the ground in Western Europe and 1944 would be the year the Allies would finally return and powerfully strike back. An Allied raid on the French coast at Dieppe in August 1942 would result in heavy losses, especially for Canadian troops, but the Allies would slowly turn the tide against the powerful enemy war machine in North Africa, Italy, on the Eastern Front, in the skies over Europe and on the Atlantic Ocean. The conquered countries on the continent would suffer greatly under a harsh occupation in the years that followed. A narrow stretch of sea, the English Channel, was all that separated the surging enemy forces from Great Britain, but the island nation held firm. Germany invaded much of Western Europe in the spring of 1940, during the opening months of the Second World War. This publication is available upon request in alternate formats.

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